refactor(i18n): make the shipped catalog the single source of truth

PR #68 restated its own translation data in Python: a 60-line
TRANSLATED_SELECT_STATES table of frozensets duplicating every
entity.select.*.state key, a second _TRANSLATED_COURSE_TABLES table
naming which course tables have translations, and a strings.json that
was a 835-line byte-for-byte copy of translations/en.json save 43
[%key:...%] references. Each needed hand-syncing, and one was already
drifting.

Home Assistant loads exactly one file per language for a custom
integration -- translations/<lang>.json. It never reads strings.json and
never resolves [%key:...%]; both belong to Core's build tooling, which
custom integrations don't run through (hassfest skips a missing
strings.json and validates translations/en.json instead). So en.json is
the source, and the new catalog.py reads the keys and states back out of
it for the two decisions Python genuinely has to make:

  - select._display() normalizes a raw Samsung option to a lowercase
    state key only when the catalog knows it, else leaves the vendor's
    casing alone. Derived sets are identical to the removed literals.
  - laundry.cycle_select() keys off a device-reported course table only
    when that table has an entry, else falls back to the name-only
    'cycle' key. Translating Table_00 is now a translations-only change.

Also fixes six names that had already drifted between the Python
descriptors and the catalog, restoring HA's sentence case for two
generic ones (Auto release dry, Bubble soak) and taking the catalog's
wording for the rest, and adds a test so the vestigial descriptor names
can't silently disagree with the UI again.

Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01GiibJZZLWVvyxq7mc7EDNp

tests/test_select_display.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ def test_display_passes_through_an_already_human_friendly_value():
 
 
 def test_display_lowercases_for_translation_key_lookup():
-    """An entity with a translation_key must match strings.json's
+    """An entity with a translation_key must match the catalog's
     lowercase keys exactly -- unlike the untranslated cases above, this
     is not a cosmetic transform."""
     assert _display('Whiskey_IceBall_3', _TRANSLATED) == 'whiskey_iceball_3'